Advancing Sustainable Tourism Ecosystem Management: The Case of Destination Resilience in Kerora, Rinca & South Padar at Komodo National Park Area, Flores, Indonesia
Abstract
This research article aims to examine the strengthening of sustainable tourism ecosystem management through the development of community-based destination resilience models, focusing on three main interventions: human-animal conflict mitigation, ecosystem restoration (land reforestation and coral reef restoration), and community empowerment. This study deploys a descriptive qualitative approach with data triangulation techniques through in-depth interviews, field observations, and documentation studies carried out in Kerora Village, Rinca Village, and South Padar, all located within the Komodo archipelago, Indonesia.
The findings of the study show that the integration of conservation programs with the specific needs of local communities can encourage adaptive capacity building, strengthening social cohesion, and more efficient management of ecological risks with the number of conflict incidents decreased to about 70 %. The novelty of this study lies in the formulation of a destination resilience cycle model that includes four main stages: participatory planning, implementation of community-based interventions, impact control through visitor management, and adaptive evaluation. This model not only strengthens the effectiveness of conservation area governance, but also opens up opportunities for replication in other destinations with similar socio-ecological characteristics. The results of this study provide a theoretical contribution to the development of sustainable tourism ecosystem management models that are more contextual, regenerative, and collaborative.
References
Ansell, C., & Gash, A. (2008). Collaborative governance in theory and practice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18(4), 543–571.
Balai Taman Nasional Komodo. (2023). Peta persebaran OUV dan keterkaitannya dengan KRP titik selam di TN Komodo
Baral, N., & Stern, M. J. (2011). A comparative study of two community-based conservation models in Nepal. Biodiversity and Conservation, 20, 2407–2426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-9993-6
Berkes, F. (2009). Community conserved areas: Policy issues in historic and contemporary context. Conservation Letters, 2(1), 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2008.00040.x
Berkes, F. (2009). Evolution of co-management: Role of knowledge generation, bridging organizations and social learning. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(5), 1692–1702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.12.001
Berkes, F. (2012). Sacred ecology (3rd ed.). Routledge.
Berkes, F. (2012). Implementing ecosystem-based management: Evolution or revolution? Fish and Fisheries, 13(4), 465–476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2011.00452.x
Berkes, F., Colding, J., & Folke, C. (2003). Navigating social-ecological systems: Building resilience for complexity and change. Cambridge University Press.
BPTNKPS (Badan Peduli TN Komodo & Perairan Sekitarnya. (2025). Proposal program konservasi terumbu karang di wilayah Padar Selatan, Taman Nasional Komodo.
BPTNKPS (Badan Peduli TN Komodo & Perairan Sekitarnya), & Balai Taman Nasional Komodo. (2025, March 18). Memorandum of understanding tentang pengelolaan wisata berkelanjutan dan pemberdayaan masyarakat [Unpublished document].
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Buckley, R. (2012). Sustainable tourism: Research and reality. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 528–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.02.003
Chapin, M. (2004). A challenge to conservationists. World Watch Magazine, 17(6), 17–31.
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Denzin, N. K. (1978). The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Dhakidae, D. (2003). Cendekiawan dan kekuasaan dalam negara Orde Baru. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Dickman, A. J. (2010). Complexity, compassion and conservation conflict: Using a greater range of resolution tools to address human–wildlife conflict. Oryx, 44(2), 146–153. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605309990973
Dredge, D. (2022). Regenerative tourism: A new era for sustainable travel. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1992201
Dressler, W., et al. (2010). From hope to crisis and back again? A critical history of the global CBNRM narrative. Environmental Conservation, 37(1), 5–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892910000044
Eagles, P. F. J., McCool, S. F., & Haynes, C. D. (2002). Sustainable tourism in protected areas: Guidelines for planning and management. IUCN.
Folke, C., Carpenter, S. R., Walker, B., Scheffer, M., Chapin, T., & Rockström, J. (2010). Resilience thinking: Integrating resilience, adaptability and transformability. Ecology and Society, 15(4), Article 20. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-03610-150420
Folke, C., Carpenter, S., Walker, B., et al. (2004). Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 35, 557–581. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105711
Font, X., & McCabe, S. (Eds.). (2017). Marketing for sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(7), 869–883. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1321669
Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC). (2022). Global sustainable tourism criteria for destinations. https://www.gstcouncil.org
Hasler, H., & Ott, J. A. (2008). Diving down the reefs? Intensive diving tourism threatens the reefs of the northern Red Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56(10), 1788–1794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.06.002
Jamal, T., & Everett, J. (2005). Resilience and involvement in community tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(1), 119–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.04.002
Jamal, T., & Stronza, A. (2009). Collaboration theory and tourism practice in protected areas: Stakeholders, structuring and sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(2), 169–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580802495741
Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan. (2022). Peraturan Direktur Jenderal KSDAE Nomor P.8/KSDAE/SET/KUM.1/8/2022 tentang pedoman pengelolaan wisata alam di kawasan konservasi. KLHK.
Lederach, J. P. (1997). Building peace: Sustainable reconciliation in divided societies. United States Institute of Peace Press.
Madden, F. (2004). Creating coexistence between humans and wildlife: Global perspectives on local efforts to address human–wildlife conflict. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 9(4), 247–257.
Manggarai Barat Regent Office. (2024). Surat Keputusan Bupati Manggarai Barat tentang pembentukan Badan Peduli TN Komodo dan Perairan Sekitarnya (BPTNKPS). Pemerintah Kabupaten Manggarai Barat.
Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2016). Designing qualitative research (6th ed.). Sage Publications.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA). (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being: Biodiversity synthesis. World Resources Institute.
Nyhus, P. J. (2016). Human–wildlife conflict and coexistence. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 41(1), 143–171. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085634
Ostrom, E. (2009). A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems. Science, 325(5939), 419–422. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1172133
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Pretty, J., Adams, B., Berkes, F., de Athayde, S. F., Dudley, N., Hunn, E., ... & Pilgrim, S. (2009). The intersections of biological diversity and cultural diversity: Towards integration. Conservation and Society, 7(2), 100–112. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4923.58642
Posey, D. A. (1999). Cultural and spiritual values of biodiversity. UNEP & Intermediate Technology.
Reed, M. S. (2008). Stakeholder participation for environmental management: A literature review. Biological Conservation, 141(10), 2417–2431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.07.014
Riley, J. R., & Masten, A. S. (2005). Resilience in ecology and psychology: A shared framework? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1036(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1330.001
Ruschkowski, E., & Mayer, M. (2011). Tourism and the establishment of new national parks in Germany: The role of public perception and acceptance. Journal for Nature Conservation, 19(4), 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2011.02.001
Salafsky, N., Margoluis, R., & Redford, K. H. (2002). Adaptive management: A tool for conservation practitioners. Biodiversity Support Program. https://www.fosonline.org
Scheyvens, R. (1999). Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities. Tourism Management, 20(2), 245–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00069-7
Scheyvens, R. (2002). Tourism for development: Empowering communities. Pearson Education.
Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford University Press.
Simpson, M. C., Gössling, S., Scott, D., Hall, C. M., & Gladin, E. (2008). Climate change adaptation and mitigation in the tourism sector: Frameworks, tools and practices. UNEP.
Spalding, M. D., Burke, L., Wood, S. A., Ashpole, J., Hutchison, J., & zu Ermgassen, P. (2017). Mapping the global value and distribution of coral reef tourism. Marine Policy, 82, 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.05.014
Spenceley, A., et al. (2021). Tourism and protected areas: Supporting sustainable development goals. IUCN.
Spenceley, A., Snyman, S., & Eagles, P. (2021). Tourism partnerships and concessions in protected areas: Generating sustainable revenues for conservation and development. IUCN.
Supriatna, J. (2015). Community involvement and conservation strategies in Indonesian protected areas. Journal of Indonesian Conservation Science, 12(3), 123–135.
Supriatna, J. (2020). Konservasi di Indonesia: Masalah dan harapan. Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Teguh, F. (2022). Ekosistem kepariwisataan: Konsep, solusi sistem dan pengukuran. Penerbit Buku Kompas.
Timothy, D. J. (2002). Tourism and community development: Issues. In R. Sharpley & D. J. Telfer (Eds.), Tourism and development: Concepts and issues (pp. 149–164). Routledge.
Treves, A., Wallace, R. B., & White, S. (2006). Co-managing human–wildlife conflicts: A review. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 11(6), 383–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871200600984265
Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 320–333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320
Upreti, B. R. (2004). Resource conflicts and conflict resolution in Nepal. Mountain Research and Development, 24(1), 60–66. https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2004)024[0060:RCACRI]2.0.CO;2
UN Tourism. (2013). Sustainable tourism for development guidebook. UNWTO. https://www.unwto.org
Walker, B., & Salt, D. (2006). Resilience thinking: Sustaining ecosystems and people in a changing world. Island Press.
Wisner, B., Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., & Davis, I. (2004). At risk: Natural hazards, people’s vulnerability and disasters(2nd ed.). Routledge.
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Fransiskus Xaverius Teguh, Steve Noakes
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
